COMPOSITION OF THE BOARDS OF DIRECTORS, CORPORATE SOCIAL NETWORKS, AND INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4270/ruc.2022106

Keywords:

Investment Efficiency, Administrative Council, Corporate Social Networks

Abstract

This research aims to analyze the relationship between the composition of boards of directors and the formation of corporate social networks with the efficiency of investments in publicly traded non-financial Brazilian companies listed on Brazil, Bolsa, Balcão (B3) in the period between 2010 and 2020. We extract the survey data from the Economática database and the reference forms of the companies available on the Brazilian Securities Commission (CVM) website. The results showed that the proportion of independent members, financial expertise, the size of the boards, and the formation of corporate social networks contribute to companies not deviating from the ideal level of investments, thus improving the efficiency in the application of resources. However, the duality of the CEO increases the deviation from the ideal level of investments. The proportion of women on the boards and the appointment of members by the controllers presented dubious results, therefore, inconclusive. In practice, the results add to the literature dealing with the implications of the composition of boards of directors and present new evidence of the factors that explain the efficiency of investments. The research may interest investors in general since the efficiency of investments is a fundamental factor for companies' success (failure). Thus economic agents must take into account and consider the importance of how boards of directors have formed as well as the existence of relationships with the external environment through corporate social networks.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adams, R. B., Akyol, A. C., & Verwijmeren, P. (2018). Director skill sets. Journal of Financial Economics, 130(3), 641-662. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.04.010
Aivazian, V. A., Ge, Y., & Qiu, J. (2005). The impact of leverage on firm investment: Canadian evidence. Journal of Corporate Finance, 11(1-2), 277-291. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1199(03)00062-2
Aktas, N., Andreou, P. C., Karasamani, I., & Philip, D. (2019). CEO duality, agency costs, and internal capital allocation efficiency. British Journal of Management, 30(2), 473-493. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8551.12277
Baglioni, A., & Colombo, L. (2013). The efficiency view of corporate boards: Theory and evidence. Applied Economics, 45(4), 497-510. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.605764
Banerjee, S., Oriani, R., & Peruffo, E. (2019). Corporate board structure and foreign equity investments in weak institutional regimes. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 27(6), 458-476. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/corg.12298
Beatty, A., Liao, S., & Weber, J. (2010). Financial reporting quality, private information, monitoring, and the lease-versus-buy decision. The Accounting Review, 85(4), 1215-1238. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.4.1215
Ben‐Amar, W., & Zeghal, D. (2011). Board of directors' independence and executive compensation disclosure transparency: Canadian evidence. Journal of Applied Accounting Research. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/09675421111130603
Bernile, G., Bhagwat, V., & Yonker, S. (2018). Board diversity, firm risk, and corporate policies. Journal of Financial Economics, 127(3), 588-612. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.12.009
Bhat, K. U., Chen, Y., Jebran, K., & Memon, Z. A. (2019). Board diversity and corporate risk: Evidence from China. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-01-2019-0001
Biddle, G. C., Hilary, G., & Verdi, R. S. (2009). How does financial reporting quality relate to investment efficiency?. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 48(2-3), 112-131. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2009.09.001
Boubaker, S., Dang, R., & Nguyen, D. K. (2014). Does board gender diversity improve the performance of French listed firms?. Gestion 2000, 31(1), 259-269. Doi: 10.3917/g2000.311.0259
Boumosleh, A., & Cline, B. N. (2015). Outside director stock options and dividend policy. Journal of Financial Services Research, 47(3), 381-410. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10693-013-0174-2
Braun, M., Briones, I., & Islas, G. (2018). Interlocking directorates, access to credit, and business performance in Chile during early industrialization. Journal of Business Research. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.052
Brown, A. B., Dai, J., & Zur, E. (2019). Too busy or well-connected? Evidence from a shock to multiple directorships. The Accounting Review, 94(2), 83-104. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-52165
Byoun, S., Chang, K., & Kim, Y. S. (2016). Does corporate board diversity affect corporate payout policy?. Asia‐Pacific Journal of Financial Studies, 45(1), 48-101. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajfs.12119
Bzeouich, B., Lakhal, F., & Dammak, N. (2019). Earnings management and corporate investment efficiency: Does the board of directors matter?. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFRA-06-2018-0044
Cai, Y., Dhaliwal, D. S., Kim, Y., & Pan, C. (2014). Board interlocks and the diffusion of disclosure policy. Review of Accounting Studies, 19(3), 1086-1119. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-014-9280-0
Campbell, T. C., Gallmeyer, M., Johnson, S. A., Rutherford, J., & Stanley, B. W. (2011). CEO optimism and forced turnover. Journal of Financial Economics, 101(3), 695-712. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.03.004
Carter, D. A., Simkins, B. J., & Simpson, W. G. (2003). Corporate governance, board diversity, and firm value. Financial Review, 38(1), 33-53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6288.00034
Chen, C., Young, D., & Zhuang, Z. (2013). Externalities of mandatory IFRS adoption: Evidence from cross-border spillover effects of financial information on investment efficiency. The Accounting Review, 88(3), 881-914. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50384
Chen, F., Hope, O. K., Li, Q., & Wang, X. (2011). Financial reporting quality and investment efficiency of private firms in emerging markets. The Accounting Review, 86(4), 1255-1288. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-10040
Chen, S., Li, Z., Han, B., & Ma, H. (2021). Managerial ability, internal control and investment efficiency. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance, 100523. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbef.2021.100523
Chiu, P. C., Teoh, S. H., & Tian, F. (2013). Board interlocks and earnings management contagion. The Accounting Review, 88(3), 915-944. Doi: https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50369
Cho, D. S., & Kim, J. (2007). Outside directors, ownership structure and firm profitability in Korea. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 15(2), 239-250. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2007.00557.x
Choi, J. K., Hann, R. N., Subasi, M., & Zheng, Y. (2020). An empirical analysis of analysts' capital expenditure forecasts: Evidence from corporate investment efficiency. Contemporary Accounting Research, 37(4), 2615-2648.
Connelly, B. L., & Van Slyke, E. J. (2012). The power and peril of board interlocks. Business Horizons, 55(5), 403-408. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2012.03.006
Core, J. E., Holthausen, R. W., & Larcker, D. F. (1999). Corporate governance, chief executive officer compensation, and firm performance. Journal of Financial Economics, 51(3), 371-406. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(98)00058-0
Cunha, P. R. D., & Piccoli, M. R. (2017). Influência do board interlocking no gerenciamento de resultados. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 28, 179-196. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201701980
Dani, A. C., Kaveski, I. D. S., dos Santos, C. A., Leite, A. P. P., & da Cunha, P. R. (2017). Características do conselho de administração e o desempenho empresarial das empresas listadas no novo mercado. Revista de Gestão, Finanças e Contabilidade, 7(1), 29-47. Doi: 10.18028/rgfc.v7i1.2603
Dittmann, I., Maug, E., & Schneider, C. (2010). Bankers on the boards of German firms: What they do, what they are worth, and why they are (still) there. Review of Finance, 14(1), 35-71. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfp007
Doan, T., & Nguyen, N. Q. (2018). Boards of directors and firm leverage: Evidence from real estate investment trusts. Journal of Corporate Finance, 51, 109-124. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2018.05.007
dos Santos, J. É. (2021). A influência do board interlocking no custo de capital de terceiros. Revista de Contabilidade e Organizações, 15, e176516-e176516. Doi: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1982-6486.rco.2021.176516
Duru, A., Iyengar, R. J., & Zampelli, E. M. (2016). The dynamic relationship between CEO duality and firm performance: The moderating role of board independence. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4269-4277. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.001
Elouaer-Mrizak, S., & Chastand, M. (2013). Detecting communities within French intercorporate network. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 79, 82-100. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.05.058
Faccio, M., Marchica, M. T., & Mura, R. (2016). CEO gender, corporate risk-taking, and the efficiency of capital allocation. Journal of Corporate Finance, 39, 193-209. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2016.02.008
Fama, E. F., & Jensen, M. C. (1983). Agency problems and residual claims. The Journal of Law and Economics, 26(2), 327-349. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/467038
Fang, X., Pittman, J., & Zhao, Y. (2021). The importance of director external social networks to stock price crash risk. Contemporary Accounting Research, 38(2), 903-941. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12647
Ferris, S. P., Jagannathan, M., & Pritchard, A. C. (2003). Too busy to mind the business? Monitoring by directors with multiple board appointments. The Journal of Finance, 58(3), 1087. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6261.00559
Fich, E. M., & Shivdasani, A. (2007). Financial fraud, director reputation, and shareholder wealth. Journal of Financial Economics, 86(2), 306-336. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2006.05.012
Field, L., Lowry, M., & Mkrtchyan, A. (2013). Are busy boards detrimental?. Journal of Financial Economics, 109(1), 63-82. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.02.004
Fisman, D., Fisman, R. J., Galef, J., Khurana, R., & Wang, Y. (2012). Estimating the value of connections to Vice-President Cheney. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 13(3). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1515/1935-1682.3272
Francis, J., Schipper, K., & Vincent, L. (2005). Earnings and dividend informativeness when cash flow rights are separated from voting rights. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(2), 329-360. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2005.01.001
Gao, X., Xu, W., Li, D., & Xing, L. (2021). Media coverage and investment efficiency. Journal of Empirical Finance, 63, 270-293. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jempfin.2021.07.002
Garcia-Sanchez, I. M., Martínez-Ferrero, J., & García-Meca, E. (2017). Gender diversity, financial expertise and its effects on accounting quality. Management Decision. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-02-2016-0090
Guner, A. B., Malmendier, U., & Tate, G. (2008). Financial expertise of directors. Journal of Financial Economics, 88(2), 323-354. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.05.009
Gyapong, E., Ahmed, A., Ntim, C. G., & Nadeem, M. (2021). Board gender diversity and dividend policy in Australian listed firms: The effect of ownership concentration. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 38(2), 603-643. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-019-09672-2
Hao, Q., Hu, N., Liu, L., & Yao, L. J. (2014). Board interlock networks and the use of relative performance evaluation. International Journal of Accounting & Information Management. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJAIM-06-2013-0039
Harjoto, M. A., & Wang, Y. (2020). Board of directors network centrality and environmental, social and governance (ESG) performance. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-10-2019-0306
Hauser, R. (2018). Busy directors and firm performance: Evidence from mergers. Journal of Financial Economics, 128(1), 16-37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2018.01.009
Hilary, G., & Hui, K. W. (2009). Does religion matter in corporate decision making in America?. Journal of Financial Economics, 93(3), 455-473. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12597
Hu, J., Jiang, H., & Holmes, M. (2019). Government subsidies and corporate investment efficiency: Evidence from China. Emerging Markets Review, 41, 100658. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2019.100658
Husain, Z., & Juhmani, O. I. (2020, November). Corporate governance mechanisms and corporate debt: A study on non-financial firms listed in GCC stock exchanges. In 2020 Second International Sustainability and Resilience Conference: Technology and Innovation in Building Designs (51154) (pp. 1-6). IEEE. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEECONF51154.2020.9319996
Hutchinson, M., Mack, J., & Plastow, K. (2015). Who selects the ‘right’directors? An examination of the association between board selection, gender diversity and outcomes. Accounting & Finance, 55(4), 1071-1103. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.12082
Jackson, M. O., Rogers, B. W., & Zenou, Y. (2017). The economic consequences of social-network structure. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(1), 49-95. Doi: 10.1257/jel.20150694
Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305-360. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X
Jin, X., & Yu, J. (2018). Government governance, executive networks and corporate investment efficiency. China Finance Review International. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CFRI-06-2016-0053
Jin, Z., Song, S., & Yang, X. (2014). The role of female directors in corporate investment in China. China Journal of Accounting Studies, 2(4), 323-344. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21697213.2014.984265
Kadapakkam, P. R., Kumar, P. C., & Riddick, L. A. (1998). The impact of cash flows and firm size on investment: The international evidence. Journal of Banking & Finance, 22(3), 293-320. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(97)00059-9
Kumar, A., Page, J. K., & Spalt, O. G. (2011). Religious beliefs, gambling attitudes, and financial market outcomes. Journal of Financial Economics, 102(3), 671-708.
Lambert, R., Leuz, C., & Verrecchia, R. E. (2007). Accounting information, disclosure, and the cost of capital. Journal of Accounting Research, 45(2), 385-420. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-679X.2007.00238.x
Lee, S. M., Jiraporn, P., & Song, H. (2020). Customer concentration and stock price crash risk. Journal of Business Research, 110, 327-346.
Liang, N., & Li, J. (1999). Board structure and firm performance: New evidence from China’s private firms. China Centre for Economic Research.
Malik, F., Gul, S., Khan, M. T., Rehman, S. U., & Khan, M. (2013). Factors influencing corporate dividend payout decisions of financial and non-financial firms. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 4(1), 35-46
Malmendier, U., & Tate, G. (2005). CEO overconfidence and corporate investment. The Journal of Finance, 60(6), 2661-2700. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2005.00813.x
Mancinelli, L., & Ozkan, A. (2006). Ownership structure and dividend policy: Evidence from Italian firms. European Journal of Finance, 12(03), 265-282. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13518470500249365
Manzaneque, M., Priego, A. M., & Merino, E. (2016). Corporate governance effect on financial distress likelihood: Evidence from Spain. Revista de Contabilidad, 19(1), 111-121. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcsar.2015.04.001
Mindzak, J. (2013). Interlocked boards of directors, voluntary disclosures and earnings quality. Voluntary Disclosures and Earnings Quality (February 2013). Doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2238871
Mirza, S. S., Majeed, M. A., & Ahsan, T. (2020). Board gender diversity, competitive pressure and investment efficiency in Chinese private firms. Eurasian Business Review, 10(3), 417-440. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40821-019-00138-5
Modigliani, F., & Miller, M. H. (1958). The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment. The American Economic Review, 48(3), 261-297.
Molm, L. D. (2003). Theoretical comparisons of forms of exchange. Sociological Theory, 21(1), 1-17. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9558.00171
Muniandy, B., & Hillier, J. (2015). Board independence, investment opportunity set and performance of South African firms. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 35, 108-124. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2014.11.003
Myers, S. C., & Majluf, N. S. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economics, 13(2), 187-221. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(84)90023-0
Nisiyama, E. K., & Nakamura, W. T. (2018). Diversidade do conselho de administração e a estrutura de capital. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 58, 551-563. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-759020180604
Nor, N. H. M., Nawawi, A., & Salin, A. S. A. P. (2017). The influence of board independence, board size and managerial ownership on firm investment efficiency. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities, 25(3), 1039-1058.
Ntim, C. G., Opong, K. K., & Danbolt, J. (2015). Board size, corporate regulations and firm valuation in an emerging market: A simultaneous equation approach. International Review of Applied Economics, 29(2), 194-220. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2014.983048
Pikulina, E., Renneboog, L., & Tobler, P. N. (2017). Overconfidence and investment: An experimental approach. Journal of Corporate Finance, 43, 175-192. Doi; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2017.01.002
Post, C., & Byron, K. (2015). Women on boards and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis. Academy of Management Journal, 58(5), 1546-1571. Doi: https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2013.0319
Rajkovic, T. (2020). Lead independent directors and investment efficiency. Journal of Corporate Finance, 64, 101690. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101690
Rashid, M. M. (2020). Ownership structure and firm performance: The mediating role of board characteristics. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2019-0056
Ribeiro, F., & Colauto, R. D. (2016). A relação entre board interlocking e as práticas de suavização de resultados. Revista Contabilidade & Finanças, 27, 55-66. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201501320
Richardson, S. (2006). Over-investment of free cash flow. Review of Accounting Studies, 11(2-3), 159-189. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11142-006-9012-1
Sanan, N. K. (2019). Impact of board characteristics on firm dividends: Evidence from India. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-12-2018-0383
Sarhan, A. A., Ntim, C. G., & Al‐Najjar, B. (2019). Board diversity, corporate governance, corporate performance, and executive pay. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 24(2), 761-786. Doi; https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1690
Shu, P. G., Yeh, Y. H., Chiu, S. B., & Yang, Y. W. (2015). Board external connectedness and earnings management. Asia Pacific Management Review, 20(4), 265-274. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2015.03.003
Souther, M. E. (2021). Does board independence increase firm value? Evidence from closed-end funds. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 56(1), 313-336. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109019000929
Stephenson, K., & Zelen, M. (1989). Rethinking centrality: Methods and examples. Social Networks, 11(1), 1-37. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(89)90016-6
Sun, X., & Zhang, T. (2021). Board gender diversity and corporate labor investment efficiency. Review of Financial Economics, 39(3), 290-313. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/rfe.1112
Tahir, H., Masri, R., & Rahman, M. M. (2020). Impact of board attributes on the firm dividend payout policy: evidence from Malaysia. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society, 20(5), 919-937. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-03-2020-0091
Thompson, E. K., & Manu, S. A. (2021). The impact of board composition on the dividend policy of US firms. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-05-2020-0182
Ullah, I., Zeb, A., Khan, M. A., & Xiao, W. (2020). Board diversity and investment efficiency: Evidence from China. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-01-2020-0001
Valeeva, D., Heemskerk, E. M., & Takes, F. W. (2020). The duality of firms and directors in board interlock networks: A relational event modeling approach. Social Networks, 62, 68-79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2020.02.009
Wang, C., Xie, F., & Zhu, M. (2015). Industry expertise of independent directors and board monitoring. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 50(5), 929-962. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109015000459
Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications.
Wattanatorn, W., & Padungsaksawasdi, C. (2022). The board effectiveness index and stock price crash risk. Managerial Finance, 48, 126-135.
Yang, T., & Zhao, S. (2014). CEO duality and firm performance: Evidence from an exogenous shock to the competitive environment. Journal of Banking & Finance, 49, 534-552. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.04.008
Yermack, D. (1996). Higher market valuation of companies with a small board of directors. Journal of Financial Economics, 40(2), 185-211. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(95)00844-5
Zalata, A. M., Tauringana, V., & Tingbani, I. (2018). Audit committee financial expertise, gender, and earnings management: Does gender of the financial expert matter?. International Review of Financial Analysis, 55, 170-183. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2017.11.002

Published

2023-04-17

How to Cite

Dos Santos, J. E. (2023). COMPOSITION OF THE BOARDS OF DIRECTORS, CORPORATE SOCIAL NETWORKS, AND INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY. Revista Universo Contábil, 18, e2022106. https://doi.org/10.4270/ruc.2022106

Issue

Section

National Section